Spiral classifier - The preferential classification benefit of cyclones is further illustrated in Table 2 which compares the metallurgical results of cyclones versus spiral classifiers in a copper grinding circuit. The cyclone produced an overflow product containing more copper in the finer size ranges where it will be subject to higher recovery in flotation.

 
Chapter 1: Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and .... Hu cow porn

The preferential classification benefit of cyclones is further illustrated in Table 2 which compares the metallurgical results of cyclones versus spiral classifiers in a copper grinding circuit. The cyclone produced an overflow product containing more copper in the finer size ranges where it will be subject to higher recovery in flotation.Sep 7, 2023 · Chapter 1: High Weir Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ... Spiral classifier is one of beneficiation equipment, based on user requirements, it can be divided into single and double spiral classifier. Depend on specific gravity of solid particles, so different sedimentation velocity in a liquid principle, spiral classifier is a mechanical grading equipment. Spiral classifier is used to treat alluvial placer, especially for those with high dissociation degree and flat shape of mineral monomer. Spiral classifier and ball mill generally cooperate, mostly used for mineral processing. The classifier has the characteristics of simple structure, reliable operation, convenient operation, high efficiency ...Oct 1, 2015 · The concept of spiral classifiers cathodic protection presented in this paper may become an alternative to the anti-corrosion protection methods of machinery and equipment used now at the KGHM ... High Weir Spiral Classifier, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to record 2.3% CAGR and reach US$827.7 Million by the end of the analysis period. Taking into account the ...13.5.3.4 Spiral Concentrator. The spiral concentrator is a modern high-capacity and low-cost device. It is developed for concentration of low-grade ores and industrial minerals in slurry form. It works on a combination of solid particle density and its hydrodynamic dragging properties.spiral classifier consists of a sloping elongated . round-bottom tank and a sand-raking spiral [46]. The raw materials are fed to the central . section of the pool and flow to the weir while .Chapter 1: Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ...The Global Spiral Classifier Market can be segmented based on various factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics and opportunities. The segmentation allows for a more targeted ...May 15, 2016 · Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough ( Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral. Particles below a certain size and density are carried away with the water-flow, whereas the coarser and heavier particles settle. Basically the different wet classifiers are gravity settling tank, cone classifier, double cone classifier, hydrocyclone classifier, spiral classifier, and rake classifier. Gravity settling tank is the simplest type ...Spiral classifier. Spiral classifier is one of the classifying equipment in mineral processing. It is suitable for classifying materials in the mineral processing plant as well as the desliming and dehydrating in the mineral washing operating process and widely applied to separate the particles into a number of products graded according to size in the complete closed loop together with ball ...Oct 1, 2015 · The concept of spiral classifiers cathodic protection presented in this paper may become an alternative to the anti-corrosion protection methods of machinery and equipment used now at the KGHM ... A Spiral Classifier is a machine that is primarily used to classify the slimes (fines) from a coarser, sandy sized material. It has an inclined trough with one or two spirals revolving slowly and free from touching the sides or bottom of the tank. The motion of the spiral creates Pool Hindered Settling in the bottom pool area, where the ... Spiral classifier . Diameter of screw :500-1500mm Spiral classifier is widely used to form a closed cycle process to split mineral sand with ball mill in ore dressing plants, grade ore and fine mud in the gravity ore dressing plant, or for the pulp size classification in the metal beneficiation process, as well as desliming and dehydration in washing operations.The spiral classifier, also known as the classifier or horizontal spiral classifier, is a type of equipment used in ore processing plants. It is used for mechanical classification based on the principle that solid particles have different specific gravities and therefore precipitate at different rates in a liquid.Walker mining produce Submerged and hig weir double spiral classifier,Submerged and High-weir double spirals classifier. Product Introduction Spiral classifier is a common beneficiation equipment. It’s widely used in concentrators and ball mills to form a closed-circuit cycle and separate ore sand, or in gravity concentrators to classify ore ... Rake, spiral, and bowl classifiers use mechanical action to dewater, deslime or separate coarse bulk materials from finer materials or liquids. Drag classifiers consist of a chain-link conveyor or endless belt that is dragged through a solid-liquid mixture. Rake classifiers lift solid-liquid mixtures up onto a plate with a screen or rake.Submerged Spiral Classifier Market report also includes a pricing analysis for each type, manufacturer, region, and global price from 2018 to 2030. This information will help stakeholders make ...The mineral separation spiral classifier is used in the dressing plant to match with the ball mill to distribute the ore sand, or in the gravity dressing plant to classify the ore and mud. The particle size classification of the slurry in the metal beneficiation process and the desilting and dewatering of the washing Wait for homework.Dec 1, 2020 · This is an example of vanilla Tensorflow playground with no added features and no modifications. The run for Spiral was between 187 to ~300 Epoch, depending. I used Lasso Regularization L1 so I could eliminate coefficients. I decreased the batch size by 1 to keep the output from over fitting. Product Features. 1.This classifier adopts sealing immersed bearing. 2. Independent hoisting equipment with strong reshipment power. 3. Wearable liner of bolt installed to prolong the service life. 4. Cell body in long and narrow shape can reach a good mixing effect and prolong the suspension time of materials.EIMCO-K.C.P. Spiral Classifiers are mechanically the devices are powerfully built, and functionally they are versatile and flexible. Today’s worldwide acceptance of EIMCO-K.C.P. Classifiers for washing and dewatering pulps, and in closed-circuit grinding is the result of many years of experience in solving wet classification problems. May 26, 2016 · Spiral Classifier. In mineral processing, the Akins AKA spiral or screw Classifier has been successfully used for so many years that most mill operators are familiar with its principle and operation. This classifier embodies the simplest design, smallest number of wearing parts, and an absence of surge in the overflow. Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ... Our report on the Spiral Classifier Market provides a comprehensive overview of the current market trends and dynamics. It offers an in-depth analysis of the leading players in the market, along ...Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough (Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral.Lab Spiral Classifier. This Lab Spiral classifiers suitable for dewatering, medium drainage and desliming and wet and dry classifying for ore, Non-metallic materials, etc. Spiral classifier is a type of classifying equipment which realizes mechanical classification under the principle that materials settle in the liquid at different speeds due ... The spiral classifier is widely applied for the following fields: combine with ball grinder into closed circulation for ore-sand separation in the ore separation plant; classify ore sand and fine sludge in gravity ore separation plant; classify the grain of ore pulp at the metal ore separation process; and remove sludge/water at the ore separation process. This spiral classifier/dewatering screw is a multi-purpose machine. As a classifier, it separates out the smaller waste particles from the ore processor tailings. The larger particles can then be returned to the grinding circuit for finer grinding to liberate more values. Many locations don’t have a ready source of water, so when used as a ... Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ...Spiral classifier is one of beneficiation equipment, based on user requirements, it can be divided into single and double spiral classifier. Depend on specific gravity of solid particles, so different sedimentation velocity in a liquid principle, spiral classifier is a mechanical grading equipment. High Weir Spiral Classifier, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to record 2.3% CAGR and reach US$827.7 Million by the end of the analysis period. Taking into account the ...The ball mill and spiral classifier work together, to be a close circuit grinding system, to control the materials to be grinded as you want.More details ple... SPIRAL CLASSIFIER / SCREW CLASSIFIER. DOVE Spiral Classifier, also referred to as Screw Classifier, or Spiral Mineral Separator, is highly efficient classifier designed for closed circuit wet classification and separation of the Slimes (Fines) from a sandy sized (Coarse) material. It is well suited for classification, where a two product size ...The design of a McLanahan Fine Material Screw Washer provides significant advantages over other sand screws you could consider that include: Larger pool settling areas behind the feed box/baffle plate that provide higher retention of +75 micron (200 mesh) product sized solids. A machine design that has a 2.5" (65mm) gap between the screw shaft ...A Spiral Classifier is a machine that is primarily used to classify the slimes (fines) from a coarser, sandy sized material. It has an inclined trough with one or two spirals revolving slowly and free from touching the sides or bottom of the tank.Spiral Classifier. In mineral processing, the Akins AKA spiral or screw Classifier has been successfully used for so many years that most mill operators are familiar with its principle and operation. This classifier embodies the simplest design, smallest number of wearing parts, and an absence of surge in the overflow.Sep 29, 2017 · It is evident that no linear classifier will be able to do a good job classifying spiral data where the boundary between two classes is a curve. A simple two layer network with RELU activation on the hidden layer automatically learns the decision boundaries and achieves a 99% classification accuracy on such a data set. The spiral classifier such as the Akins classifier consists of a semi-cylindrical trough (a trough that is semicircular in cross-section) inclined to the horizontal. The trough is provided with a slow-rotating spiral conveyor and a liquid overflow at the lower end.Spiral Dewaterer model - SD Metso spiral dewaterer model SD is a robust evolution of the spiral classifier for reliable operations in mill scale handling. The spiral dewaterer with special designed spiral and enlarged pool area is able to handle large flows of effluents, offering a well dewatered mill scale product and a clear overflow ... May 15, 2016 · Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough (Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral. The spiral classifier is widely applied for the following fields: combine with ball grinder into closed circulation for ore-sand separation in the ore separation plant; classify ore sand and fine sludge in gravity ore separation plant; classify the grain of ore pulp at the metal ore separation process; and remove sludge/water at the ore separation process.Spiral classifier. Spiral classifier is one of the classifying equipment in mineral processing. It is suitable for classifying materials in the mineral processing plant as well as the desliming and dehydrating in the mineral washing operating process and widely applied to separate the particles into a number of products graded according to size in the complete closed loop together with ball ... Misconception 4: Fine Material Screws are recommended for cutting at a coarse sand size. Fine Material Screw Washers generally are not recommended for removing fine solids larger than 150 micron or 100 mesh. When a separation ranging from 150 to 800 micron (or 100 to 20 mesh) is required, other types of classifiers, like Hydrosizers™ (or ...The concept of spiral classifiers cathodic protection presented in this paper may become an alternative to the anti-corrosion protection methods of machinery and equipment used now at the KGHM ...This is an example of vanilla Tensorflow playground with no added features and no modifications. The run for Spiral was between 187 to ~300 Epoch, depending. I used Lasso Regularization L1 so I could eliminate coefficients. I decreased the batch size by 1 to keep the output from over fitting.As of 2023, our analysis indicates that the global Spiral Classifier market is poised to reach USD 1399.9 million by 2028, exhibiting a steady CAGR of 3.3% from 2023 to 2028. With a focus on ...Particles below a certain size and density are carried away with the water-flow, whereas the coarser and heavier particles settle. Basically the different wet classifiers are gravity settling tank, cone classifier, double cone classifier, hydrocyclone classifier, spiral classifier, and rake classifier. Gravity settling tank is the simplest type ...EIMCO-K.C.P. Offers Bridge mounted (B) type, Column Mounted (C) Type and Traction driven (T) type Classifiers mechanism for various applications. These operate on the common principle of moving settled solids to the center of principle of moving settled solids to the centre of the tank for removal, and differ principally in the method used to ... Comparing Spiral Classifier with Hydro-cyclone, the prominent advantage of Spiral Classifier is reliable-working, simple-operation, stable-classifier area, more fine overflow particle, big tank ...Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ...The mineral separation spiral classifier is used in the dressing plant to match with the ball mill to distribute the ore sand, or in the gravity dressing plant to classify the ore and mud. The particle size classification of the slurry in the metal beneficiation process and the desilting and dewatering of the washing Wait for homework.Our report on the Spiral Classifier Market provides a comprehensive overview of the current market trends and dynamics. It offers an in-depth analysis of the leading players in the market, along ...Misconception 4: Fine Material Screws are recommended for cutting at a coarse sand size. Fine Material Screw Washers generally are not recommended for removing fine solids larger than 150 micron or 100 mesh. When a separation ranging from 150 to 800 micron (or 100 to 20 mesh) is required, other types of classifiers, like Hydrosizers™ (or ...Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough ( Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral.Moreover, The Global Spiral Classifier Industry research report provides a comprehensive analysis of the sector, focusing on important details like industry size, market share, and major competitors.Spiral classifier. Spiral classifier is one of the classifying equipment in mineral processing. It is suitable for classifying materials in the mineral processing plant as well as the desliming and dehydrating in the mineral washing operating process and widely applied to separate the particles into a number of products graded according to size in the complete closed loop together with ball ...spiral classifier is a kind of small particles rough granding equipment. According to the difference in sedimentation rate of mineral particles and mud, the ...The Global Spiral Classifier Market can be segmented based on various factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics and opportunities. The segmentation allows for a more targeted ...The spiral classifier is based on the principle that the solid particles are different in size and specific gravity, so the settling speed in the liquid is different. Fine ore particles float in the water and overflow, and coarse ore particles sink to the bottom of the tank.It is evident that no linear classifier will be able to do a good job classifying spiral data where the boundary between two classes is a curve. A simple two layer network with RELU activation on the hidden layer automatically learns the decision boundaries and achieves a 99% classification accuracy on such a data set.Jan 27, 2022 · Spiral classifier is a common classification equipment used in mineral processing plants. It has the characteristics of simple structure, reliable operation, large processing capacity, stable classification area and high classification efficiency. Below we briefly introduce its importance, working principle, application and main classification. Spiral Screw Classifier for Sand Washing. new. Manufacturer: Gandong; Descriptions The classifier which form closed-circuit work with grinding mill in the factory need the machine which can lift grit, so this kind of classifier called mechanical classifier, actually the classifying...Chapter 1: Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...Spiral classifier . Diameter of screw :500-1500mm Spiral classifier is widely used to form a closed cycle process to split mineral sand with ball mill in ore dressing plants, grade ore and fine mud in the gravity ore dressing plant, or for the pulp size classification in the metal beneficiation process, as well as desliming and dehydration in washing operations.Oct 22, 2019 · Misconception 4: Fine Material Screws are recommended for cutting at a coarse sand size. Fine Material Screw Washers generally are not recommended for removing fine solids larger than 150 micron or 100 mesh. When a separation ranging from 150 to 800 micron (or 100 to 20 mesh) is required, other types of classifiers, like Hydrosizers™ (or ... XBM Mining is a leading global supplier of equipment and tools, service and technical solutions for the mining industry,especially specialized in ore benefic...Spiral Classifier. In mineral processing, the Akins AKA spiral or screw Classifier has been successfully used for so many years that most mill operators are familiar with its principle and operation. This classifier embodies the simplest design, smallest number of wearing parts, and an absence of surge in the overflow.The classifier is mainly composed of transmission device, spiral body, trough, lifting mechanism, lower support (bearing) and discharge valve. Spiral Classifier Advantages: 1、Simple structure, easy to maintain. 2、Easy operation and stable performance. 3、Gravity connection with Ball mills; slurry pump conveying is not necessary.Market Overview: The spiral classifier market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period from 2022 to 2030. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for efficient and accurate processing of materials.Walker mining produce Submerged and hig weir double spiral classifier,Submerged and High-weir double spirals classifier. Product Introduction Spiral classifier is a common beneficiation equipment. It’s widely used in concentrators and ball mills to form a closed-circuit cycle and separate ore sand, or in gravity concentrators to classify ore ...Chapter 1: Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...The spiral classifier agitates the pulp by spiral low-speed rotation, by which the fine particles float to the overflow, and the coarse particles sink to the bottom of the tank and are discharged ...Jul 16, 2023 · Our report on the Spiral Classifier Market provides a comprehensive overview of the current market trends and dynamics. It offers an in-depth analysis of the leading players in the market, along ... May 15, 2016 · Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough ( Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral. Compared with these two classifiers, the hydrocyclone has a better classification effect when processing finer-grained materials (the separation particle size range is generally 0.3-0.01mm). 2. Floor area. Obviously, the footprint of the hydrocyclone is significantly smaller than that of the spiral classifier.Oct 1, 2015 · The concept of spiral classifiers cathodic protection presented in this paper may become an alternative to the anti-corrosion protection methods of machinery and equipment used now at the KGHM ... Chapter 1: High Weir Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...Dec 1, 2020 · This is an example of vanilla Tensorflow playground with no added features and no modifications. The run for Spiral was between 187 to ~300 Epoch, depending. I used Lasso Regularization L1 so I could eliminate coefficients. I decreased the batch size by 1 to keep the output from over fitting. Walker mining produce Submerged and hig weir double spiral classifier,Submerged and High-weir double spirals classifier. Product Introduction Spiral classifier is a common beneficiation equipment. It’s widely used in concentrators and ball mills to form a closed-circuit cycle and separate ore sand, or in gravity concentrators to classify ore ... Apr 28, 2007 · spiral classifier consists of a sloping elongated . round-bottom tank and a sand-raking spiral [46]. The raw materials are fed to the central . section of the pool and flow to the weir while . 10.3.2 Bahan. Bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan Spiral Classifier yaitu : 1. Mineral Kasiterit (SnO2) dengan ukuran – 40 + 70 # yakni sebanya 1 kg. 2. Zeolit yakni hasil kominusi dengan ukuran – 8 + 12 #, sebanyak 3 kg. Sumber : Data Hasil Praktikum PBG, 2017. Foto 10.11 Zeolit.The submerged spiral classifier is suitable for fine particle classification, and the classificaiton overflow particle size is generally less than 0.15 mm. Compared with these two kinds of spiral ...Nesans Spiral Classifier consists of an open trough with a chute provided for the input feed material. Before being fed into the spiral classifier, the dust from the screen is mixed with water and it is carried to the input chute through a slurry pump. The inlet flow is evenly distributed across the surface area of the spirals.

Oct 1, 2015 · The concept of spiral classifiers cathodic protection presented in this paper may become an alternative to the anti-corrosion protection methods of machinery and equipment used now at the KGHM ... . Sexxxton

spiral classifier

Particles below a certain size and density are carried away with the water-flow, whereas the coarser and heavier particles settle. Basically the different wet classifiers are gravity settling tank, cone classifier, double cone classifier, hydrocyclone classifier, spiral classifier, and rake classifier. Gravity settling tank is the simplest type ...Spiral classifier is one of beneficiation equipment, based on user requirements, it can be divided into single and double spiral classifier. Depend on specific gravity of solid particles, so different sedimentation velocity in a liquid principle, spiral classifier is a mechanical grading equipment.Mokup of classifier, 2 principles, 1600 mm screw diameter. Still in use in several silica sand plant: wash drain and dedusting. spiral classifier 1600 | 3D CAD Model Library | GrabCAD This is an example of vanilla Tensorflow playground with no added features and no modifications. The run for Spiral was between 187 to ~300 Epoch, depending. I used Lasso Regularization L1 so I could eliminate coefficients. I decreased the batch size by 1 to keep the output from over fitting.These spiral classifier price types include vibrating shaker tables and alluvial washing machines, and they can be used alongside more precise separation tools. Choose from shaft tables and hydraulic tables that are equipped with hydraulics for conducting compression tests and come with distinct power capacities. Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ... Description FC and FG Series Spiral Classifier is mainly used in pre-classification and examination classification of grinding circuit in concentration plant and aggregate plant as well as desliming and dehydration in the process of sand washing. It can be classified into single spiral and double spiral according to the spiral quantity; and high weir type and sinking type according to the ...13.5.3.4 Spiral Concentrator. The spiral concentrator is a modern high-capacity and low-cost device. It is developed for concentration of low-grade ores and industrial minerals in slurry form. It works on a combination of solid particle density and its hydrodynamic dragging properties.The Global Spiral Classifier Market can be segmented based on various factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics and opportunities. The segmentation allows for a more targeted ...Nesans Spiral Classifier consists of an open trough with a chute provided for the input feed material. Before being fed into the spiral classifier, the dust from the screen is mixed with water and it is carried to the input chute through a slurry pump. The inlet flow is evenly distributed across the surface area of the spirals.A study was carried out to select the appropriate coatings for corrosion protection of the spiral classifier working at KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. Ore Concentration Plant. The abrasion resistance of selected protective coatings and wear-resistant linings was investigated using a DT-523 rotary abrasion tester with Taber CS-10 rubber abrasive discs. The average weight loss of the coatings after a ...If you don't have the muscle power or time, let a spiral panning machine help you separate the gold from your concentrates and black sand much more quickly and easily. FREE SHIPPING on orders of $350 or more! To learn more about the manufacturer and use of the Desert Fox, Mountain Goat, and Pro Camel, scroll to the bottom of this page. Spiral Classifier Wet classification is the art of solid-liquid separators i.e spiral separator, separating the solid particles in a mixture of solids and liquids into fractions according to particle size or density by methods other than screening. XBM Mining is a leading global supplier of equipment and tools, service and technical solutions for the mining industry,especially specialized in ore benefic...Spiral classifiers suitable for dewatering, de-medium, desliming and wet and dry classifying in mine.This machine is mainly used in the production flow of me... Mar 26, 2016 · Gravity Spiral Concentrator Working Principle. The gravity spiral circuit is designed to extract and concentrate “coarse gold’ from the recirculating load in the mill grinding circuit and hence prevent a build-up within that circuit and the eventual escape of some of that gold into the C.I.L. tanks and thereon into the final tails. (See fig. 4) Chapter 1: High Weir Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...Sep 5, 2023 · Chapter 1: Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ... Mar 26, 2016 · Gravity Spiral Concentrator Working Principle. The gravity spiral circuit is designed to extract and concentrate “coarse gold’ from the recirculating load in the mill grinding circuit and hence prevent a build-up within that circuit and the eventual escape of some of that gold into the C.I.L. tanks and thereon into the final tails. (See fig. 4) .

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